The preposition
12-Mar-2023The preposition ( Predlog )
1. Predlog deb ot ( yoki olmoshning ) gapdagi boshqa so'zlarga munosabatini ko'rsatuvchi yordamchi so'zlarga aytiladi. Ingliz tilida keli shik qo'shimchalari yo'qligi uchun ular ko'p hollarda o'zbek tilidagi kelishik qo'shimchalari vazifasini bajaradi:
He lives in London. U Londonda yashaydi.
He is sitting under a tree. U daraxt ostida o'tiribdi.
After dinner he went to the library. U tushlikdan keyin kutubxonaga bordi.
He came with his brother. U akasi bilan keldi.
2. Har bir predlog bir nechta mustaqil ma'nolarda kelishi mumkin. Masalan, in predlogi quyidagi ma'nolarda ishlatiladi:
a) -da (joyga nisbatan ishlatiladi):
He lives in London. U Londonda yashaydi.
b) -da (vaqtga nisbatan ishlatiladi, oy va yil oldida):
He will arrive in May. U may oyida keladi.
c) keyin ma'nosida:
He will return in an hour. U bir soatdan keyin qaytib keladi.
d) -da, ichida, mobaynida:
The house was built in three months. Uy uch oy ichida qurildi.
3. Ko'p hollarda u yoki bu predlogning ishlatilishi undan oldin kelayotgan fe'lga, sifatga yoki otga bog'liq bo'ladi. Masalan, to depend fe'li o'zidan keyin on predlogini talab qiladi:
It doesn't depend on me. Bu menga bog'liq emas.
To laugh fe'li o'zidan keyin at predlogini talab qiladi:
He laughed at me. U mening ustimdan kuldi.
Sure sifati o'zidan keyin of predlogini talab qiladi:
He was sure of it. U bunga amin edi.
Objection oti o'zidan keyin to predlogini talab qiladi:
I have no objection to that. Menda bunga e'tiroz yo'q.
4. Ba'zi fe'llar turli predloglar bilan kelganda, ma'nosi o'zgarib kelishi mumkin:
He is looking at the child. U bolaga qarayapti.
He is looking for the child. U bolani izlayapti.
He is looking after the child. U bolaga qarayapti.
5. Predloglar ko'pgina iboralar va birikmalar tarkibiga kiradi - in vain behuda, bekorga, at last nihoyat, for ever umrbod, abadiy, on the one ( other ) hand bir ( boshqa ) tomondan va boshqalar.
6. Predloglar quyidagi guruhlarga bo'linadi:
a) sodda (in, to, at, va hokazo);
b) qo'shma (into, upon, throughout va boshqalar.);
c) predlog vazifasini bajaruvchi so'zlar guruhi: (according to, by me ans of, instead of, in front of va hokazo).
Predlogning gapdagi o'rni
1. Predloglar ot yoki olmoshdan oldin keladi. Agar otning aniqlov chisi bo'lsa, predlog shu aniqlovchidan oldin keladi:
He works at a factory. U fabrikada ishlaydi.
He works at a large factory. U katta fabrikada ishlaydi.
2. Ammo quyidagi hollarda predlog o'zi qarashli bo'lgan so'zning oldida emas, gapning oxirida keladi ( fe'ldan keyin keladi, agar to'diruvchi bo'lsa, to'ldiruvchidan keyin keladi ):
a) ko'chirma va o'zlashtirma so'roq gaplarda, predlog what, who, which olmoshlariga yoki where ravishiga qarashli bo'lganda gapning oxirida fe'ldan keyin, agar to'ldiruvchi bo'lsa, to'ldiruvchidan keyin kelishi mumkin. Ammo predlog so'roq so'zlardan oldin ham kelishi mumkin:
What are you looking at? Siz nimaga qarayapsiz?
Who(m) did he speak to? U kim bilan gaplashdi?
Ask him where he got this book from. Undan bu kitobni qayerdan olganligini so'rang.
b) aniqlovchi ergash gaplarni bosh gaplarga bog'laydigan nisbiy olmoshlarga qarashli predloglar gapning oxirida fe'ldan keyin, agar to'ldiruvchi bo'lsa, to'ldiruvchidan keyin kelishi mumkin. Predloglar nisbiy olmoshdan oldin ham kelishi mumkin:
The house which he lives in is very big. U yashaydigan uy juda katta.
Nisbiy olmosh tushib qolsa, predlog doimo fe'ldan keyin keladi:
The house he lives in is very big. U juda katta uyda yashaydi.
c) aniqlovchi bo'lib kelgan infinitivli birikmalarda predlog infinitivdan keyin keladi:
I have no pen to write with. Menda yozish uchun ruchka yo'q.
Ba'zi predloglarning ishlatilishi
About
1. haqida, to'g'risida:
I shall speak to him about the matter tomorrow. Men bu masala to'g'risida u bilan ertaga gaplashaman.
He told us about his trip to the south. U bizga o'zining janubga sayohati haqida gapirib berdi.
2. taxminan, atrofi da, qariyb, - lar:
It is about five o'clock now. Hozir soat taxminan 5 bo'ldi.
There were about five hundred people there. U yerda qariyb 500 kishi bor edi.
3. atrofga, atrofda, bo'ylab, - da:
He looked about him. U atrofi ga qaradi.
He walked about the garden. U bog' bo'ylab sayr qildi.
After
1. keyin, so'ng ( vaqtga nisbatan ishlatiladi, antonimi before ):
He continued his work after dinner. U ovqatdan keyin ishini davom ettirdi.
He returned home after twelve. U 12 dan keyin uyga qaytib keldi.
2. keyin, orqasidan (joyga nisbatan ishlatiladi):
He ran after me. U mening orqamdan yugurdi.
They left the room one after the other. Ular bir-birlarining orqalaridan xonadan chiqdilar.
AMONG ( AMONGST )
orasida, o'rtasida (uch yoki undan ortiq shaxs yoki buyum o'rtasida).
The work was devided among four students. Ish to'rt talaba o'rtasida bo'lib berildi.
We could not fi nd case No. 125 among the cases discharged from he ship.
Biz kemadan tushirilgan qutilar orasidan 125-qutini topa olmadik.
AT
1. Joyga nisbatan ishlatiladi:
a) - da, yonida, oldida:
She is standing at the window. U deraza yonida turibdi.
He stopped at the door. U eshik oldida to'xtadi.
b) - da (kichkina shahar va qishloqda):
He was born at Klin. U Klinda tug'ilgan.
George lives at 712 16th Avenue. Jorj o'n oltinchi avenyu, 712-uyda yashaydi.
c) -da (odamlar to'planib biror ish-harakat yoki jarayon sodir bo'ladigan
muassasa, tashkilot, yig'ilishda):
I'll see him at the theatre tonight. Men uni bu oqshom teatrda ko'raman.
2. - da (vaqtga nisbatan ishlatiladi, lahzada):
He will return at seven. U yettida qaytib keladi.
He left the house at noon. U peshinda uydan chiqdi.
She left the room at the end of the lesson. U darsning oxirida xonadan chiqdi.
BEHIND
orqasida, ortida ( joyga nisbatan ishlatiladi, antonimi before yoki in front of ):
He sat behind me. U mening orqamda o'tirdi.
The garden is behind the house. Bog' uyning orqasida.
They were walking behind. Ular orqada kelishayotgan edi.
He left them far behind. U ularni juda orqada qoldirib ketdi.
BESIDE
yonida, bo'yida:
He was sitting beside me. U mening yonimda o'tirgan edi.
The house stood beside the river. Uy daryo bo'yida ( yonida ) turar edi.
BETWEEN
o'rtasida, orasida (ikki shaxs yoki buyumlar o'rtasida):
The ship makes regular voyages between Odessa and Batumi.
Kema Odessa va Batumi o'rtasida muntazam qatnaydi.
BY
tomonidan, bilan (ish-harakatni bajaruvchi shaxsni yoki kuchni ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi):
"Navoi" was written by Oybek. "Navoiy" Oybek tomonidan yozilgan.
This machine is driven by electricity. Bu mashina elektr bilan yuradi.
DOWN
pastga ( harakat fe'llari bilan pastga yo'nalishni bildiradi ):
He went down the stairs. U zinadan pastga tushdi.
The steamer sailed down the river. Paroxod daryodan pastga suzib ketdi.
He ran down the hill. U qirdan chopib tushdi.
FOR
uchun, - ga:
This letter is for you. Bu xat sizga (siz uchun).
It is a great pleasure (disappointment) for me. Bu men uchun katta huzur (ko'ngilsizlik) dir.
He will do all he can for you. U siz uchun qo'lidan kelgan hamma ishni qiladi.
FROM
- dan ( harakat yo'nalishini ifodaydi, antonimi to):
He took the book from the shelf. U kitobni tokchadan oldi.
He has returned from the south. U janubdan qaytib keldi.
I have received a letter from my friend. Men do'stimdan xat oldim.
Take this book from Mr. Bell. Bu kitobni Mr. Belldan oling.
IN
1. - da, ichida:
- The pencil is in the box. Qalam qutining ichida (qutida).
- We live in Toshkent. Biz Toshkentda yashaymiz.
2. vaqtni aytishda ishlatiladi:
a) - da ( yil va oy oldida ishlatiladi ) - They will arrive in May. Ular May oyida yetib kelishdi.
- He was born in 1992. U 1992-yilda tug'ilgan.
b) - da, davomida, ichida: - The house was built in three months. Uy uch oyda qurildi.
- He translated the article in an hour. U maqolani bir soat (ichi)da tarjima qildi.
INSIDE
- ichiga, ichkarida (antonimi outside): - The friends went inside the house to talk. Do'stlar suhbatlashgani uyning ichiga kirishdi.
- The children are insidethe house. Bolalar uyning ichida.
INTO
- ichiga (biror narsaning ichiga): - I am going into the room. Men xonaning ichiga kiryapman.
- He put the book into his bag. U kitobni sumkasiga soldi.
OF
1. - ning: - London is the capital of Great Britain. London Buyuk Britaniyaning poytaxti.
- The First World Congress of Partisans of Peace was held in Paris at the end of April, 1949.
Tinchlik tarafdorlarining Birinchi Jahon Kongressi Parijda 1949-yil aprelning oxirida bo'lib o'tdi.
2. - dan: - Some of my friends came to see me off. Do'stlarimning ba'zilari meni kuzatgani kelishdi.
- Many of us will go to the south in the summer. Yozda ko'pchiligimiz janubga boramiz.
OFF
- dan, ustidan (buyumning ustidan olinishini, qo'zg'atilishini ifodalaydi, antonimi on): - He took all the things off the table. U stol ustidan hamma narsalarni oldi.
- The rain ran off the roof. Tomdan yomg'ir oqar (quyilar) edi.
- The knife fell off the table. Pichoq stoldan tushib ketdi.
ON (UPON
1. - da, - ga ( ustida, ustiga ): - The picture is hanging on the wall. Surat devorda osilgan (turibdi).
- Put the magazine on the table. Jurnalni stol ustiga qo'ying.
2. - da ( hafta kunlari va sana oldida qo'yiladi ): - The meeting took place on Monday. Yig'ilish dushanbada bo'ldi.
- They arrived on the fi rst of June. Ular birinchi iyunda yetib kelishdi.
OUTSIDE
1. tashqarida, tashqariga, tashqarisiga, tashqarisida (antonimi inside): - He was standing outside the door. U eshikning tashqarisida turgan edi.
- He went outside the house to meet his friend. U do'stini kutib olgani uyning tashqarisiga chiqdi.
2. tashqariga, tashqarida (ravish bo'lib keladi): - Put these fl owers outside. Bu gullarni tashqariga qo'ying.
- He is waiting for us outside. U bizni tashqarida kutayapti.
OVER
ustida, uzra ( antonimi under ): - An aeroplane fl ew over the town. Shahar ustida bir samolyot uchib o'tdi.
- A lamp was hanging over the table. Stol ustida bir chiroq osilib turar edi.
TO PREDLOGI
1. - ga:
Ish-harakatning biror joyga yoki biror shaxsga qarab yo'nalishini bildiradi, qayrga ? degan savolga javob bo'ladi. - He went to the Crimea. U Qrimga ketdi.
- He came to the meeting at five o'clock. U majlisga soat beshda keldi.
- Send him to the manager at once. Uni darhol menejerga jo'nating.
UNDER PREDLOGI
tagida, ostida ma'nosida joyni bildiradi ( overning antonimi ): - He was lying under a tree. U daraxt tagida yotar edi.
- He put the basket under the table. U savatni stol ostiga qo'ydi.
UP PREDLOGI
yuqoriga, - dan, bo'ylab yuqoriga ( antonimi down, harakat fe'llari bilan pastdan yuqoriga harakatni bildiradi): - He walked up the stairs. U zinadan ko'tarildi.
- The steamer sailed up the river. Paroxod daryo bo'ylab yuqoriga ( oqimga qarshi ) suzib ketdi.