The Adjective Degrees

12-Mar-2023

The Adjective Degrees ( Sifat darajalari )

Sifatning uchta darajasi mavjud
Oddiy (the Positive Degree) Qiyosiy (the Comparative Degree) Orttirma( the Superlative Degree)
The Missisippi is a long river.
Missisippi uzun daryo.
The Missisippi is longer than the Volga.
Missisippi Volgadan uzunroq.
The Missippi is the longest river in the world
Missisippi dunyodagi eng uzun daryo.


Qiyosiy daraja : Ikkita shaxs yoki buyum qiyoslanadi.
Orttirma daraja : Uch yoki undan ortiq shaxs yoki buyum qiyoslanadi va bittasining darajasi hammasidan ziyoda bo'ladi.

2. Sodda sifatlarning ( bir, ikki bo'g'inli sifatlarning ) qiyosiy darajasi -er qo'shimchasini qo'shish bilan, orttirma darajasi -est qo'shimchasini qo'shish bilan yasaladi:

 

Oddiy daraja Qiyosiy daraja Orttirma daraja
sharp - o'tkir
cold - sovuq
deep - chuqur
busy - band
dirty - iflos
clever - aqlli
narrow -tor
able - layoqatli(qodir)
noble - himmatli
polite - odobli
severe - shafqatsiz
sincere - sofdil, samimiy
simple - (oddiy) sodda
common - oddiy
sharper - o'tkirroq
colder - sovuqroq
deeper - chuqurroq
busier - bandroq
dirtier - iflosroq
cleverer - aqlliroq
narrower - torroq
abler - layoqatlioroq
nobler - himmatliroq
politer - odobliroq
severer - shafqatsizroq
sincerer - sofdilroq
simpler - soddaroq
commoner - oddiyroq
sharpest - eng o'tkir
coldest - eng sovuq
deepest - eng chuqur
busiest - eng band
dirtiest - eng iflos
cleverest - eng aqlli
narrowest - eng tor
ablest - eng layoqatli
noblest - eng himmatli
politest - eng odobli
severest - eng shafqatsiz
sincerest - eng sofdil
simplest - eng sodda
commonest - eng oddiy

3. Qiyosiy va orttirma darajalarni yasaganda quyidagi imlo qoidalariga rioya qilinadi: a) agar sifat o'qilmaydigan e harfi bilan tugagan bo'lsa, -er va -est qo'shimchalari qo'shilganda sifat oxiridagi o'qilmaydigan e harfi tushib qoladi:

large - katta larg-er larg-est brave - jasur brav-er brav-est ripe - pishgan rip-er rip-est b) agar sifat qisqa unlidan keyin bitta undosh bilan tugagan bo'lsa, qiyosiy va orttirma darajalarning qo'shimchasi qo'shilganda oxirgi undosh ikkilantiriladi: big - katta bigger biggest hot - issiq hotter hottest thin - yupqa thinner thinnest wet - nam wetter wettest c) agar sifat undoshdan keyin kelgan y harfi bilan tugagan bo'lsa, qiyosiy va orttirma darajalarning qo'shimchasi qo'shilganda oxirgi y harfi i harfiga aylanadi: busy - band busier busiest easy - oson easier easiest dirty - iflos, kir dirtier dirtiest 4. Ko'pgina ikki bo'g'inli hamda uch va ko'p bo'g'inli sifatlarning qiyosiy darajasi sifatning oldiga more, orttirma darajasi sifatning oldiga most so'zlarini qo'yish bilan yasaladi:

Oddiy daraja Qiyosiy daraja Orttirma daraja
active - faol
famous - mashhur
difficult - qiyin
comfortable - qulay
interesting - qiziq
more active
more famous
more difficult
more comfortable
more interesting
most active
most famous
most difficult
most comfortable
most interesting


5. Orttirma darajadagi sifat bilan kelgan ot aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi. Ba'zan ot tushib qolganda ham artikl saqlanib qoladi:

This is the shortest way to the station.
Bu stansiyaga eng yaqin yo'l.
This is the most interesting story in this book.
Bu ushbu kitobdagi eng qiziq hikoya.
The Moscow underground is the best in the world.
Moskva metrosi dunyodagi eng yaxshi metro.

6. Ba'zi sifatlarning darajalari qoidaga bo'ysunmasdan o'zakdan o'zgaradi:

Oddiy daraja Qiyosiy daraja Orttirma daraja
good - yaxshi
bad - yomon
little - oz
much, many - ko'p
better - yaxshiroq
worse - yomonroq
less - ozroq
more - ko'proq
best - eng yaxshi
worst - eng yomon
least - eng oz
most - eng ko'p


7. Qiyosiy darajadan keyin than -ga qaraganda bog'lovchisi keladi:
London is larger than Bristol. London Bristolga qaraganda kattaroq.
This book is more interesting than that one. Bu kitob unisiga qaraganda qiziqroq.

8. Qiyosiy daraja oldidan much yoki far (ancha) so'zlarini qo'yish bilan ma'nosi kuchytirilishi mumkin:
The Nile is much longer than the Thames. Nil Temzaga qaraganda ancha uzunroq.
This book is far better than that one. Bu kitob unisiga qaraganda ancha yaxshiroq.

9. Orttirma darajadan keyin ko'pincha of predlogi ishlatiladi:
He is the best of my friends. U mening do'stlarimning eng yaxshisi.

10. Ikkita bir xil darajadagi sifatni teng qiyoslash uchun oddiy darajadagi sifatni as ... as o'rtasiga qo'yamiz:

As + adjective + as + noun( pronoun )

He is as young as my brother. U akamdek yosh.
My dictionary is as good as yours. Mening lug'atim siznikidek yaxshi.
Pete r is as tall as I. Piter mendek uzun.

Sifatlarning otlanishi

1. Ba'zi sifatlar ot ma'nosida ishlatilishi mumkin. Ular shaxslarning hammasini yoki guruhini ifodalab ko'plik ma'nosida ishlatiladi, lekin ko'plik qo'shomchasi -s qo'shilmaydi va aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi:
There are special schools for the blind in our country. Mamlakatimizda ko'rlar uchun maxsus maktablar bor.
Immediete help was rendered to the sick. Kasallarga shoshilinch yordam ko'rsatildi.

Izoh: Bir yoki bir nechta alohida shaxslarni ifodalash uchun sifatlarning man, men; woman, women; person, persons otlari bilan birikmasi ishlatiladi: a blind man ko'r kishi; a blind woman ko'r ayol; two blind persons ikkita ko'r kishi; a poor man kambag'al kishi; two poor men ikkita kambag'al.

Sifatlarning gapdagi o'rni

1. Sifat aniqlovchi bo'lib kelganda otdan oldin keladi, ot-kesim tar kibida kelganda esa bog'lovchi-fe'ldan keyin keladi:
I have bought a red pencil. Men qizil qalam sotib oldim.
The pencil is red. Qalam - qizil.

2. Agar otning oldida ikkita yoki undan ko'p sifat bo'lsa, otga ma'nosi yaqinroq bo'lgan sifat unga yaqinroq qo'yiladi:
It was a cold autumn day. Sovuq kuz kuni edi.
He is a clever young man. U aqlli yigit ( yosh kishi ).
She put on a new black woolen dress. U yangi qora jun ko'ylak kiydi.

3. Ba'zi -able, -ible qo'shimchalari bilan tugagan sifatlar otning oldida ham, orqasida ham q o'yilishi mumkin:
The goods were shipped by the first available steamer (= by the first steamer available).
Mollar qo'l ostida bo'lgan (topilgan, o'ng kelgan) birinchi paroxodga yuklandi.