Indefinite pronouns

12-Mar-2023

Indefinite pronouns (Gumon olmoshlari)

Some - Biroz, ba'zi, taxminan Each - Har bir Any - Hech qancha, bir qancha Every - Har (sanaladigan otlar bilan) Much - Ko'p (+ sanalmaydigan ot) Other - Boshqa Many - Ko'p (+ sanaladigan ot) All - Hamma Little - Kam, oz (sanalmaydigan ot +) Both - Ikkala, ikkalasi ham Few - Kam, oz (sanaladigan ot +) Neither - yo u yo bu No - Hech qancha + ot Either - na u na bu , ikkisi ham emas None - Hech qancha + of + ot One - otlarni takrorlamaslikda ishlatiladi

Some, any olmoshlari

1. Some olmoshi bo'lishli gaplarda, any olmoshi esa bo'lishsiz, ko'chirma va o'zlashtirma
umumiy so'roq gaplarda va shart gaplarda olmosh-sifat va olmosh-ot sifatida ishlatiladi.

2. Some va any (bir qancha, biroz, hech qanday) ma'nosida ishlatiladi:
a) ko'plikdagi otlar oldida olmosh-sifat bo'lib keladi va ko'pincha o'zbek
tiliga tarjima qilinmaydi:

 

  • He asked me some questions. U mendan (bir nechta) savollar so'radi.
  • Have you got any interesting books? Qiziq kitoblaringiz bormi?
  • He did not make any mistakes in his dictation. U diktantida (hech qanday) xato qilmadi.

    Izoh: Some ba'zan donalab sanaladigan birlikdagi ot oldida noaniq artikl ma'nosida ham ishlatiladi:
  • I read it in some book ( a book). Men buni bir kitobda o'qiganman.

    b) olmosh-ot bo'lib kelib ko'plikdagi ot o'rnida ishlatiladi:
  • He asked me for some stamps, but I hadn't any. U mendan marka so'radi, lekin menda.
  • I want some matches. Have you got any? Menga gugurt kerak edi. Gugurtingiz bormi?

    3. Some va any biroz, ozroq, hech qancha ma'nosida ishlatiladi:
    a) donalab sanalmaydigan otlar oldidan olmosh-sifat bo'lib keladi va
    o'zbek tiliga tarjima qilinmasligi ham mumkin:
  • Give me some water, please. Iltimos, menga (ozroq) suv bering.
  • Have you bought any sugar? Shakar sotib oldingizmi?
    b) olmosh-ot bo'lib keladi va donalab sanalmaydigan otlar o'rnida ishlatiladi:
  • I want some paper. Please give me some. Menga qog'oz kerak. Iltimos, menga ozroq (qog'oz) berib turing.
  • Give me some hot water, please. Iltimos, ozroq qaynoq suv bering.
  • I'm sorry, there isn't any in the kettle. Kechirasiz, choynakda qaynoq suv yo'q.

    4. Some taklif va iltimosni ifodalagan umumiy va maxsus so'roq gaplarda ishlatiladi:
  • Why didn't you buy some cheese? Nima uchun pishloq sotib olmadingiz?
  • Won't you have some tea? Choy ichmaysizmi?
  • Can I have some cold water? Ozroq sovuq suv olsam bo'ladimi?

    5. Some (ba 'zi) ma'nosida olmosh-sifat bo'lib ko'plikdagi ot oldidan va
    olmosh-sifat bo'lib ko'plikdagi ot o'rnida ishlatiladi:
  • Some trees remain green all the year round. Ba'zi daraxtlar butun yil davomida yashil bo'lib turadi.

    6. Some sonlarning oldida qariyb, taxminan, chamasi ma'nosida ishlatiladi:
  • There were some fifty people there. U yerda qariyb ellik kishi bor edi.
  • We waited some twenty minutes. Biz taxminan yigirma minutlar kutdik.

 

7. Any (istagan) ma'nosida bo'lishli va so'roq gaplarda birlikdagi donalab
sanaladigan va donalab sanalmaydigan otlar oldidan ishlatiladi:

  • You may come at any time that is convenient to you. Siz o'zingiz uchun qulay bo'lgan istagan paytda kelishingiz mumkin.
    Any inkor gaplarda, umumiy so'roq gaplarda hamda "har qanday, xohlagan" degan ma'noda darak gaplarda ishlatiladi.
  • I didn't read any books. Men hech qancha kitob o'qimadim.
  • Do you know any foreign languages? Biror xorijiy tilni bilasizmi?
  • You may read any book. Sen xohlagan kitobni o'qishing mumkin.

    Any of miqdorni bildiradi.
  • Does any of you speak English? Birortangiz inglizcha gapirasizmi?
     
    Some / Any birikmalari
      Insonlar uchun Predmet uchun Joy uchun
    Some Someone
    somebody
    Something Somewhere
      Birov Biror narsa Biror yerda
    Any Anyone
    anybody
    Anything Anywhere
      birov
    hech kim
    har kim
    hech narsa
    biror narsa
    har qanday narsa
    hech yerda
    biror yerda
    har qanday yerda
     

    Some, any olmoshlaridan yasalgan olmoshlar


    1. Some, any olrnoshlariga one, body va thing so'zlari qo'shilib someone,
    somebody (allakim, kimdir, biror kishi), anyone, anybody (biror kishi, hechkim),
    something (allanarsa, biror narsd), anything (biror narsa, hech narsd)gumon olmoshlari yasaladi.
    Bu olmoshlar har doim olmosh-ot bo'lib keladi va gapda ega yoki to'ldiruvchi bo'ladi.

    2. Someone, somebody, something bo'lishli gaplarda, anyone, anybody, anything esa
    bo'lishsiz, ko'chirma, o'zlashtirma umumiy so'roq gaplarda va shart gaplarda ishlatiladi:
  • Somebody (someone) is knocking at the door. Allakim eshikni qoqayapti.
  • Give me something to read. Menga o'qishga biror narsa bering.
  • There isn't anybody (anyone) there. U yerda hech kim yo'q.
  • There isn't anything in the box. Qutida hech narsa yo'q.
  • If anything happens, ring me up immediately. Agar biror narsa sodir bo'lsa, zudlik bilan menga qong'iroq qiling.

    3. Someone, somebody va something olmoshlari some olmoshiga o'xshab
    maxsus so'roq gaplarda, taklif va iltimosni ifodalagan umumiy so'roq gaplarda ishlatiladi:
  • Why didn't you ask somebody to help you? Nima uchun biror kishidan yordam berishini so'ramadingiz?
  • Will you have something to eat? Biror narsa yeysizmi?
  • Will someone help me? Biror kishi menga yordam beradimi?

    4. Anyone, anybody, anything olmoshlari any olmoshiga o'xshab istagan kishi, istagan narsa
    ma'nosida bo'lishli gaplarda ham, so'roq gaplarda ham ishlatiladi:
  • Anybody can do that. Buni istagan kishi qila oladi.
  • You may play anything you like. Istagan yoqtirgan o'yiningizni o'ynashingiz mumkin.

    I z o h: Some, any olmoshlari where bilan birikib somewhere, anywhere ravishlarini yasaydi:
  • Did you go anywhere yesterday? Kecha biror yerga bordingizmi?
  • No, I didn't, but I shall go somewhere tomorrow. Yo'q, lekin ertaga biror yerga boraman.
     

    No, none olmoshlari


    1. No olmoshi birlik va ko'plikdagi donalab sanaladigan otlar oldidan olmosh-sifat bo'lib keladi.
    No birlikdagi donalab sanaladigan otlar bilan kelgan not...a va donalab sanaladigan ko'plikdagi
    otlar va donalab sanalmaydigan otlar bilan kelgan not...any ma'nosini beradi. Gapda no bo'lganda
    fe'l bo'lishli shaklda bo'ladi, chunki ingliz tilida bir gapda faqat bitta inkor bo'ladi.
  • I have no ticket. = I haven't a ticket. Menda bilet yo'q.
  • I found no mistakes in your translation. Men tarjimangizda hech qanday xato topmadim.

    2. No olmoshi body, one, thing so'zlari bilan birikib nobody, no one, nothing inkor olmoshlarini
    yasaydi va har doim olmosh-ot sifatida ishlatiladi. Bu olmoshlardan keyin kelgan fe'l bo'lishli
    shaklda ishlatiladi, chunki ilgari aytib o'tilganidek, ingliz tilida bitta gapda faqat bitta
    inkor bo'lishi mumkin:
  • We saw nobody there. Biz u yerda hech kimni ko'rmadik.
  • We read nothing about it. Biz bu haqda hech narsa o'qiganimiz yo'q.
     

    Much, many olmoshlari


    1. Much, many olmoshlari olmosh-sifat va olmosh-ot bo'lib keladi.
    2. Much, many olmoshlari ko'p ma'nosida olmosh-sifat bo'lib keladi.
    Much donalab sanalmaydigan otlar oldidan, many donalab sanaladigan otlar oldidan ishlatiladi:
  • I haven't much work to do today. Mening bugun qiladigan ishim ko'p emas.
  • Many people attended the meeting. Yig'ilishda ko'p odam qatnashdi.

    3. Much va many ko'pchilik, ko'pi ma'nosida olmosh-ot bo'lib keladi
    va ulardan keyin ko'pincha of predlogi ishlatiladi:
  • Much of what you say is true. Aytganlaringizning ko'pi to'g'ri.
  • Much of the work was done before dinner. Ishning ko'pi tushlikdan oldin qilindi.

    4. Much va many, asosan, so'roq va bo'lishsiz gaplarda ishlatiladi:
  • Have you much work to do today? Bugun qiladigan ishingiz ko'pmi?
  • I haven't many French books. Mening fransuzcha kitoblarim ko'p emas.
     

    Little, few olmoshlari

    1. Little va few olmoshlari olmosh-sifat va olmosh-ot bo'lib keladi.
    2. Little va few oz, kam ma'nosida olmosh-sifat bo'lib keladi. Little
    donalab sanalmaydigan otlar oldidan, few esa donalab sanaladigan otlar oldidan ishlatiladi:
  • I have very little time. Mening juda oz vaqtim bor.
  • There is very little milk in the jug. Ko'zada sut juda oz.
  • He has few friends. Uning do'stlari kam.
  • There were very few people there. U yerda juda kam odam bor edi.

    I z o h: Little kichkina ma'nosida sifat va oz ma'nosida ravish bo'lib ham keladi:
  • I want the little box, not the big one. Menga kichkina quti kerak, kattasi emas.
  • You rest too little (ravish). Siz juda kam dam olasiz.

    5. Little va few noaniq artikl bilan ham ishlatilishi mumkin:
  • Please give me a little water. Menga ozroq suv bering.
  • I have a few books on this subject. Menda bu masalada ozroq kitoblar bor.

    A little, a few ozroq (lekin yetarli) ma'nosida, little, few esa oz, kam (yetarli emas) ma'nosida ishlatiladi:
  • I've got little time. Mening vaqtim oz (kam).
  • I've got a little time. Menda ozroq vaqt bor.
  • He has few friends. Uning do'stlari kam.
  • He has a few friends. Uning ozroq (yetarli) do'stlari bor.

    I z o h: Little, few dan oldin keladigan noaniq artikl ulardan keyin keladigan otga emas,
    shu little va few so'zlariga tegishlidir.
     

    All olmoshi

    1. All olmoshi olmosh-sifat va olmosh-ot bo'lib keladi.
    2. All olmoshi olmosh-sifat bo'lib kelganda hamma, barcha ma'nosida donalab sanaladigan
    ko'plikdagi ot oldidan va donalab sanalmaydigan ot oldidan ishlatiladi. All dan keyin kelgan
    otdan oldin aniq artikl, egalik yoki ko'rsatish olmoshi keladi:
  • All the students have passed the examination. Hamma talabalar imtihondan o'tishdi.
  • He spends all his free time in the reading-room. U hamma bo'sh vaqtini o'quv zalida o'tkazadi.

    Izoh: Birlikdagi donalab sanaladigan ot oldida all o'rnida, odatda, the whole ishlatiladi:
  • The whole house was destroyed by fire. Butun uy yong'indan vayron bo'ldi.
    3. All hamma ma'nosida olmosh-ot bo'lib keladi:
  • All said the same thing. Hamma shu bitta narsani gapirdi.
  • I know all. Men hammasini bilaman.

    All olmoshi to befe'lining tegishli shaklidan keyin ishlatiladi:
  • They are all here. Ularning hammasi shu yerda
  • We are all glad to see you. Biz hammamiz sizni ko'rishdan xursandmiz.
     

    Both olmoshi


    1. Both har ikkalasi olmoshi olmosh-sifat va olmosh-ot bo'lib keladi.

    a) both olmosh-sifat bo'lib kelganda u aniqlaydigan otdan oldin aniq artikl ishlatilishi ham,
    ishlatilmasligi ham mumkin. Otdan oldin egalik yoki ko'rsatish olmoshi ham ishlatilishi mumkin:
  • Both (the) brothers live in New-York. Har ikkala aka-uka Nyu-Yorkda yashaydi.
  • Both his daughters are married. Uning har ikkala qizi turmushga chiqqan.
  • Both these steamers were built in this town. Bu har ikkala paroxod shu shaharda qurilgan.

    b) both olmosh-ot bo'lib keladi:
  • He gave me two magazines yesterday. U menga kecha ikkita jurnal berdi.
  • I have read both. Men har ikkalasini o'qib chiqdim.

    2. Both bilan yasalgan we both, you both, they both kabi birikmalar ko'p ishlatiladi:
  • We both participated in this work. Bu ishda har ikkalamiz qatnashdik.
  • They both graduated from the University last year. Ularning har ikkalasi universitetni o'tgan yili tugatishdi.

    Both to be fe'lining tegishli shaklidan keyin qo'yiladi:
  • You are both right. Har ikkalangiz haqsiz.
  • They were both there. Ularning har ikkalasi o'sha yerda edi.

    Izoh: Both...and bog'lovchisi ham...ham tarzida tarjima qilinadi:
  • Both Peter and Mary were there. Piter ham Meri ham o'sha yerda edi.
  • The coat is both good and cheap. Palto ham yaxshi, ham arzon.
     

    Either, neither olmoshlari

    1. Either olmoshi ikki shaxs yoki buyumga taalluqli bo'lib, har ikkalasi, ham unisi, ham bunisi,
    ikkalasidan bin ma'nosida ishlatiladi. Either olmosh-sifat va olmosh-ot bo'lib keladi.

    2. Either har ikkala ma'nosida ishlatiladi:
  • There were chairs on either side of the table. Stolning har ikkala tomonida stullar bor edi.

    3. Either gapning egasi bo'lib kelganda, undan keyin kelgan fe'l birlikda ishlatiladi:
  • Either of the examples is correct. Misollarning har ikkalasi ham to'g'ri.

    4. Neither olmoshi na unisi, na bunisi degan ma'no berib, either olmoshining bo'lishsiz shakli hisoblanadi.
  • We accepted neither offer. Biz takliflarning na unisini, na bunisini qabul qildik.
  • Neither of the statements is true. Na u, na bu bayonot.
     

    Each, every olmoshlari


    1. Each har bir olrnoshi shaxs yoki narsalarning cheklangan miqdoriga nisbatan ishlatiladi.
    Each olmosh-sifat va olmosh-ot bo'lib keladi.

    2. Each olmosh-sifat bo'lib birlikdagi donalab sanaladigan ot oldidan ishlatiladi.
    Each ko'rsatkich bo'lganligi uchun undan keyin kelgan ot artikl olmaydi:
  • There are new houses on each side of the street. Ko'chaning har ikkala tomonida yangi uylar bor.
  • Each student in our group has a dictionary. Guruhimizdagi har bir talabaning lug'ati bor.

    3. Every olmoshi faqat olmosh-sifat bo'lib kelib birlikdagi donalab sanaladigan ot oldidan ishlatiladi.
    Every olmoshi otlarning ko'rsatkichi bo'lganligi uchun, undan keyin kelgan ot artikl olmaydi:
  • Every big plant has its polyclinic. Har bir katta zavodning o'z poliklinikasi bor.

    I z o h: Every olmoshi where ravishi bilan birikib, everywhere hamma yerda ravishini yasaydi:
  • You can get this book everywhere. Siz bu kitobni hamma yerdan topa olasiz.
     

    Other olmoshi

    1. Other boshqa olmoshi olmosh-sifat va olmosh-ot bo'lib keladi.
    2. Other olmosh-sifat bo'lib kelganda birlik va ko'plikdagi otlar oldidan ishlatiladi.
    Undan oldin artikl umumiy qoidalarga muvofiq ishlatiladi. Noaniq artikl (an) other bilan qo'shilib
    ketadi va another shaklini oladi:
  • Give me another example. Menga boshqa misol bering.
  • The house is on the other side of the street. Uy ko'chaning narigi tomonida.
  • Where are the other books that I gave you? Men sizga bergan boshqa kitoblar qayerda?
  • He has other intentions. Uning boshqa maqsadlari bor.
     

    One olmoshi

    1. One olmoshi olmosh-ot bo'lib keladi.
    2. One gapda ega vazifasida kelib, noma'lum shaxsni bildiradi:
  • One never knows what his answer may be. Uning javobi qanday bo'lishini hech kim hech qachon bilmaydi.
  • One should be careful when crossing the street. Ko'chani kesib o'tayotganda odam ehtiyot bo'lishi kerak.

    3. One ega bo'lib kelganida ko'pincha must, should, ought, can, may modal fe'llari bilan ishlatiladi:
  • One must observe ... ... rioya qilish kerak.
  • One should take into consideration..... .......hisobga olish kerak.
  • One can find ... ... topa oladi.